Abstract The Yarinacocha lake is an emblematic ecosystem of the Peruvian Amazon, representing the main point of fish landing and a tourist attraction in the city of Pucallpa. The wide fauna diversity in this area has made it the target of various studies, although for fish species most of them were focused on commercial species. In this work, we carried out the first ichthyofauna species inventory of the Yarinacocha lake, sampling throughout the entire lake during the rainy and dry seasons and considering also all previously recorded species deposited in the Ichthyological Collection of the MUSM with the same locality. A total of 164 fish species were recorded, representing 10 orders (plus Eupercaria), 34 families and 116 genera. Characiformes was the order with more species (68 spp., 41.5%) followed by Siluriformes (59 spp., 36%), Cichliformes (17 spp., 10.5%), and Gymnotiformes (8 spp., 4.9%). The most highly represented families, including almost 55.5% of the total diversity obtained, were Characidae (23 spp., 14%), followed by Cichlidae (17 spp., 10.4%), Loricariidae (14 spp., 8.5%), Pimelodidae (13 spp., 7.9%), Doradidae (13 spp., 7.4%) and Anostomidae (12 spp., 7.3%). From the total fish species recorded in this study, only 22 are considered protected species following the IUCN criteria and 109 species have commercial importance, including 90 ornamental species (54.8%). Our results contribute to the knowledge of the ichthyofauna of the Yarinacocha lake and can be used as a starting point for its conservation and sustainable management over time.

Resumo O lago Yarinacocha é um ecossistema emblemático da Amazônia peruana, representando o principal ponto de desembarque de peixes e também uma atração turística da cidade de Pucallpa. A grande diversidade faunística nesta área a tornou alvo de vários estudos, embora para as espécies de peixes a maioria deles tenha sido focada em espécies comerciais. Neste trabalho, realizamos o primeiro inventário da ictiofauna do lago Yarinacocha, amostrando todo o lago durante as estações chuvosa e seca, e também considerando todas as espécies depositadas na Coleção Ictiológica do MUSM dessa localidade. Um total de 164 espécies de peixes foram registradas, representando 10 ordens (mais Eupercaria), 34 famílias e 116 gêneros. Characiformes foi a ordem com mais espécies (68 espécies, 41,5%), seguida por Siluriformes (59 espécies, 36%), Cichliformes (17 espécies, 10,5%) e Gymnotiformes (8 espécies, 4,9%). As famílias mais representadas, incluindo quase 55,5% da diversidade total obtida, foram Characidae (23 spp., 14%), seguido por Cichlidae (17 spp., 10,4%), Loricariidae (14 spp., 8,5%), Pimelodidae (13 spp., 7,9%), Doradidae (13 spp., 7,4%) e Anostomidae (12 spp., 7,3%). Do total de espécies de peixes registradas neste estudo, apenas 22 são consideradas espécies protegidas seguindo os critérios da IUCN e 109 espécies têm importância comercial, incluindo 90 espécies ornamentais (54,8%). Nossos resultados contribuem para o conhecimento da ictiofauna do lago Yarinacocha e podem ser utilizados como ponto de partida para sua conservação e manejo sustentável ao longo do tempo.

Resumen La gran diversidad de la quinua permite variaciones en el desempeño fisiológico, productivo y composicional. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar seis cultivares de quinua a través de las respuestas fisiológicas y nutricionales de sus semillas. Se identificaron diferentes dinámicas en la altura de las plantas y en el número de hojas que se ajustaron a un modelo sigmoidal con R2 mayor a 0,97 y 0,77, respectivamente. La concentración de clorofila varió a través de las fases fenológicas, al igual que el rendimiento cuántico máximo del fotosistema II. Se encontraron diferencias en los granos de quinua entre las coordenadas colorimétricas del CIEL*a*b* y el contenido de proteínas, carbohidratos y grasas. En este sentido, se determinó que los cultivares de quinua manifiestan diferentes comportamientos biológicos asociados a su carácter genético. Además, se reconoció una relación entre cultivares y la composición de semillas. Estos resultados permitirán a los investigadores estudiar la diferencia significativa entre la precocidad expresada por los cultivares Puno, Nariño y Titicaca y aquellos con un ciclo fenológico más largo como el cultivar Soracá.

Abstract The great diversity of quinoa allows variations in physiological, production, and compositional performance. This study aimed to evaluate six quinoa cultivars through the physiological and nutritional responses of their seeds. Different dynamics were identified in the plant height, and the number of leaves was adjusted to sigmoidal models with R2 greater than 0.97 and 0.77, respectively. The chlorophyll concentration varied through the phenological phases, as did the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II. Differences in the quinoa grains were found between CIEL*a*b* colorimetric coordinates and protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents. In this sense, quinoa cultivars manifest different biological behaviors associated with their genetic nature. Besides, a relationship between cultivars and seed composition was recognized. These results will allow researchers to study other significant differences between the precocity expressed by the Puno, Nariño, and Titicaca cultivars and those with a longer phenological cycle such as the Soracá cultivar.

Abstract The technology and research relationship is considerable at the time of presenting results, where scientific popularization magazines have the sole purpose of transmitting information to the community in general, where each research expert can capture the results of their studies considering the policies of each dissemination platform. From this perspective, the objective of this work was to know how the Padlet tool influences the dissemination of results generated from the training practice carried out in university training. The methodology used in this study was based on the inductive-deductive method, pragmatic paradigm, hybrid approach, sequential explanatory design, and sequential type. Where 96 university students participated who attended the ordinary academic period 2021, to whom a Likert scale-based survey was applied as an instrument, in addition to direct observation and bibliographic review. The results, elaboration, and dissemination of approximately 40 academic works will be observed, presented from the Padlet tool, and used to disseminate results. In conclusion, the means of disseminating research work are essential today to direct the dissemination of academic writing to optimize the education process at various educational institutions.

Resumen La relación tecnología e investigación es considerable, al momento de presentar resultados, donde las revistas de divulgación científica tienen como única finalidad transmitir información a la comunidad en general donde cada experto investigativo puede plasmar los resultados de sus estudios considerando las políticas de cada plataforma de divulgación. Desde esta perspectiva el objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer cómo influye la herramienta Padlet en los procesos de difusión de resultados generados desde la practica formativa realizada en la capacitación universitaria. La metodología utilizada en este estudio se basó bajo el método inductivo-deductivo, paradigma pragmático, enfoque mixto, diseño explicativo secuencial y de tipo secuencial. Donde participaron 96 estudiantes universitarios quienes cursaban el periodo académico ordinario 2021 a quienes se les aplicó como instrumentos una encuesta basada en escala de Likert, además de la observación directa y la revisión bibliográfica. Dentro de los resultados se logró observar la elaboración y difusión de aproximadamente 40 trabajos académicos los cuales fueron presentados desde la herramienta Padlet siendo utilizada como medio de presentación en la difusión de resultados. En conclusión, los medios de difusión de trabajos investigativos son importantes en la actualidad, a fin de direccionar la divulgación del escrito académico con la intencionalidad de optimizar el proceso de educación en los diversos niveles de las instituciones educativas.

RESUMO Introdução: O siringomas são tumores anexais benignos com caraterísticas histopatológicas decorrentes dos ductos écrinos, em forma de pápulas amareladas ou cor da pele, de 1-3 mm, comumente na região periorbitária inferior, podendo causar problemas cosméticos importantes. O objetivo do tratamento é melhorar a aparência, através da destruição completa do tumor usando métodos minimamente invasivos e inclusa cirurgia. Existem na literatura múltiplas opções de tratamento com vários graus de sucesso, porém pouco se conhece sobre a eficácia. Em geral, a remoção completa não é bem-sucedida, e têm sido descritos efeitos colaterais, sendo a recorrência o mais frequente. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, de publicações científicas no período de 2014-2019. Resultados: Após revisar 45 artigos, e identificar os publicados nos últimos cinco anos que tiveram registro de número de pacientes, descrição de tratamento, escalas de avaliação dos resultados e acompanhamento, foram selecionados seis artigos. Do número total de seis artigos, foram encontrados: uma revisão sistemática, e cinco estudos retrospectivos, sendo um comparativo. Foi designado um número para cada artigo analisado, e coletados o número de pacientes incluídos, tratamento realizado, escalas de avaliação e resultados, complicações e conclusões. Conclusões: Os siringomas periorbitários ainda são um desafio terapêutico, e até agora nenhum tratamento demostrou ser consistentemente eficaz. O laser CO2 continua sendo a primeira escolha de tratamento quando usado fracionado, e a eletrocoagulação intralesional representa uma segunda alternativa com resultados moderados e menor risco de complicações. Novos tratamentos como Laser Erbium Laser Erbium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet e monoterapia com toxina botulínica A poderiam ser boas alternativas. Estudos prospetivos comparativos são necessários.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Syringomas are benign adnexal tumors with histopathological characteristics arising from the eccrine ducts, in yellowish or skin-colored papules, 1-3 mm, commonly in the lower periorbital region, which can cause important cosmetic problems. The goal of treatment is to improve appearance by destroying the tumor using minimally invasive methods and including surgery. There are multiple treatment options in the literature with varying degrees of success, but little is known about their effectiveness. Complete removal is unsuccessful, and side effects have been described, recurrence being the most frequent. Methods: This is a narrative review of the literature of scientific publications in the period 2014-2019. Results: After reviewing 45 articles and identifying those published in the last five years that had a record of the number of patients, treatment description, scales of evaluation of results and follow-up, six articles were selected. Of the total number of six articles, we found: a systematic review and five retrospective studies, one being a comparative one. A number was assigned to each article analyzed, and the number of patients included, treatment performed, assessment scales and results, complications and conclusions were collected. Conclusions: Periorbital syringomas are still a therapeutic challenge, and so far, no treatment is consistently effective. The CO2 laser remains the first choice of treatment when used fractionally, and intralesional electrocoagulation represents a second alternative with moderate results and a lower risk of complications. New treatments such as Laser Erbium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet and botulinum toxin A monotherapy could be good alternatives. Comparative prospective studies are needed.

Resumo Schizodon engloba aproximadamente 15 espécies de peixes neotropicais. A taxonomia integrativa, combinando análises moleculares e morfométricas com métodos taxonômicos tradicionais, foi utilizada para investigar Schizodon vittatus e sua potencial espécie irmã. As diferenças moleculares (DNA barcoding) entre as duas espécies são maiores do que a variação intraespecífica observada em espécies congêneres, e as duas espécies representam linhagens distintas por aproximadamente um milhão de anos. As duas espécies são morfologicamente muito similares e os dados merísticos mostram grande sobreposição. As análises morfométricas também mostraram sobreposição entre as duas espécies, mas indicaram diferenças na altura do pedúnculo caudal, no diâmetro interorbital, e no comprimento dos raios da nadadeira anal. O padrão de colorido parece fornecer uma característica diagnóstica clara para as duas espécies. Schizodon vittatus normalmente possui quatro faixas escuras transversais no corpo e sua espécie irmã tem três faixas, com a quarta, se presente, inconspícua e dorsal à linha lateral. Schizodon vittatus é redescrita com base no tipo e em espécimes coletados recentemente; sua localidade tipo é revisitada e a sua distribuição conhecida é restringida às drenagens do Araguaia e Tocantins. A nova espécie, irmã de S. vittatus e distribuída nas drenagens do Xingu e Tapajós, é descrita. Uma chave para a identificação das espécies do clado amazônico de Schizodon é apresentada.

Abstract Schizodon encompasses approximately 15 species of Neotropical headstanding fishes. Integrative taxonomy, combining molecular and morphometric analyses with traditional taxonomic methods, was used to investigate Schizodon vittatus and its potential new sister species. Molecular differences between the two species in the barcode are greater than intra-specific variation recovered in species of Schizodon, and the two species represent distinct lineages for approximately one million years. The two species are morphologically very similar, and the meristic data showed great overlap. Morphometric analyses also showed overlap among the putative species but indicated differences in caudal-peduncle depth, orbital diameter, and length of anal-fin rays. Color pattern seems to provide a clear diagnostic feature for the two species. Schizodon vittatus usually has four dark brown transversal bars on body, and its sister species has three conspicuous bars, with the fourth, if present, inconspicuous and dorsal to the lateral line. Schizodon vittatus is redescribed based on the type and recently collected specimens, its type locality is revisited, and its known distribution restricted to the Araguaia and Tocantins drainages. The new species, sister to S. vittatus, distributed in the Xingu and Tapajós drainages, is described. A key for the identification of the Amazon clade species of Schizodon is provided.

Abstract In the Peruvian Amazon, freshwater snails of the Ampullariidae family are known as churos, and around 20 species have originally been described for Peru. Although they are widely used for food, traditional medicine and the object of many studies for their cultivation and industrialization, only the species Pomacea maculata is mentioned in the literature. Molecular identification was carried out based on the mitochondrial marker COI of individuals of "churo negro" apple snails (Pomacea) commercialized in the markets of Iquitos, as well as those used in restaurant dishes in the city of Lima, and contrasted with specimens from their natural habitat. It was found that these specimens, correspond to the species Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856). The molecular phylogenetic analysis showed P. nobilis as the sister species of P. guyanensis, in the P. glauca group, distantly related to P. maculata. The uncorrected distances found between them, for the mitochondrial marker COI, were from 11.33% to 13.17%, while with P. maculate were from 13.67% to 15.33%. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the DNA barcode for the identification and authentication of the species, which gives it added value for its eventual export trade.

Resumen En la Amazonia Peruana los caracoles dulceacuícolas de la familia Ampullariidae son conocidos como churos y originalmente han sido descritas para Perú alrededor de 20 especies. Aunque son muy usadas para alimentación, medicina tradicional y objeto de muchos estudios para su cultivo e industrialización, solamente es mencionada en la literatura la especie Pomacea maculata. Se llevó a cabo la identificación molecular sobre la base del marcador mitocondrial COI, de individuos de churos negros (Pomacea) comercializados en los mercados de Iquitos, así como los usados en platos a la carta en la ciudad de Lima, contrastados con otros individuos de procedencia de su hábitat natural. Se encontró que estos especímenes expendidos corresponden a la especie Pomacea nobilis (Reeve, 1856). El análisis filogenético molecular mostró que P. nobilis es especie hermana de P. guyanensis, en el grupo de P. glauca, distantemente relacionada de P. maculata. Las distancias no corregidas encontradas entre ellas, para el marcador mitocondrial COI, fueron de 11.33% a 13.17%, mientras que con P. maculata fueron de 13.67% a 15.33%. Estos resultados demostraron la eficacia del código de barras de ADN para la identificación y autenticación de la especie, lo que le da un valor agregado para su eventual comercio de exportación.

RESUMO A maioria das pessoas infectadas por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) não possui sinais ou sintomas da doença, quadro conhecido como infecção latente por tuberculose (ILTB). A introdução de agentes biológicos, sobretudo inibidores do fator de necrose tumoral (iTNF), para o tratamento de doenças imunomediadas, como artrite reumatoide (AR) e outras doenças reumatológicas, aumentou o risco de reativação de ILTB, levando ao desenvolvimento de tuberculose (TB) ativa. Assim, esta revisão abordará os aspectos relacionados à ILTB em pacientes com doenças reumatológicas, especialmente naqueles em uso de medicamentos iTNF. Para tanto, serão considerados a definição e a prevalência de ILTB, os mecanismos associados às doenças e às medicações em uso, bem como os critérios para rastreamento, diagnóstico e tratamento da ILTB. Como a reativação da ILTB é responsável pela grande proporção de casos de TB ativa, o diagnóstico e o tratamento adequados são cruciais, principalmente em grupos de alto risco, como os pacientes com doenças reumatológicas.

ABSTRACT Most people infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) do not have any signs or disease symptoms, a condition known as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The introduction of biological agents, mainly tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases, increased the risk of reactivation of LTBI, leading to development of active TB. Thus, this review will approach the aspects related to LTBI in patients with rheumatologic diseases, especially those using iTNF drugs. For this purpose it will be considered the definition and prevalence of LTBI, mechanisms associated with diseases and medications in use, criteria for screening, diagnosis and treatment. Considering that reactivation of LTBI accounts for a large proportion of the incidence of active TB, adequate diagnosis and treatment are crucial, especially in high-risk groups such as patients with rheumatologic diseases.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial activity and substantivity of Uncaria tomentosa Willd DC (cat’s claw, CC) in root dentin contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. Forty-eight human premolars were contaminated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and randomly divided into four groups according to the irrigant used during chemomechanical preparation (CMP): CC group: 2% CC gel; CHX group: 2% chlorhexidine digluconate gel (CHX); NaOCl group: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); and SS group: sterile saline (SS). Microbiological samples were collected before (S1) and after (S2) CMP and after 7 days (S3). Colony-forming units (CFU/mL) at the different sampling times and comparisons among the groups were statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). Significant bacterial reduction was achieved in all groups after CMP (p < 0.05). Results show no significant difference between S3 and S2 (p > 0.05) in the CC and CHX groups. Bacterial load was higher in S3 than in S2 samples (p < 0.05) in the NaOCl and SS groups. Our results suggest antibacterial effect of 2% CC gel against E. faecalis in infected dentin, in addition to antibacterial substantivity of 2% CC and 2% CHX up to 7 days.

En el artículo se contrasta un modelo de rutas (path analysis) para las relaciones causales entre el nivel de desarrollo moral posconvencional, la preocupación empática, el autoconocimiento emocional y la autorregulación emocional sobre el estilo de liderazgo transformacional. La muestra de estudio la conformaron estudiantes de posgrado en gerencia de una universidad pública venezolana, y estaba compuesta por profesionales de ambos sexos provenientes de distintas profesiones (N = 162; media edad = 31,37; D.T. = 4,67). Se utilizaron diversos instrumentos como el Test de Definición de Criterios Morales (DIT), el índice de Reactividad Interpersonal (IRI), la Subescala de Comprensión Empática, entre otros. Los resultados muestran que el modelo de rutas propuesto resultó parcialmente válido, evidenciando que la comprensión de las relaciones entre las variables del modelo resulta más compleja de lo que se plantea en la literatura; en tal sentido, la empatía es la variable más influyente en el modelo, al hallarse efectos directos altos y significativos sobre el desarrollo moral posconvencional y la capacidad de autoconocimiento y autocontrol emocional.

A path analysis model was contrasted to establish causal relationships between the level of post-conventional moral development, empathic concern as a measure of empathy, emotional selfawareness and emotional self-regulation on transformational leadership style. The study sample was made up of graduate students in management of a public Venezuelan University and was composed of professionals of both sexes from different disciplinary fields (N = 162, mean age = 31,37, SD = 4,67). The instruments used among others, were the Defining Issues Test (DIT), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Sub-Scale of Empathic Understanding. Results show that the proposed model was partially valid; this indicates that the understanding of the relationships between the model variables is more complex than what is proposed in the literature; in this regard, empathy is the most influential variable in the model. As a matter of fact, there are high and significant direct effects on post-conventional moral development and the self-knowledge and emotional self-control ability.

The MeOH extract of Piper ecuadorense Sodiro, Piperaceae, was chosen for metabolite isolation and elucidation due to the strong antifungal activity exhibited, measured by means of the broth microdilution method. Two known flavonoids: pinostrobin (1) and pinocembrin (2) were isolated from 4.16 g. of dichloromethane extract by column chromatography, using a gradient of hexane/EtOAc. A total of 20 mg of 1 were obtained from the fraction eluted with hexane-EtOAc 95:5 v/v, and 100 mg of 2 were obtained from the fraction eluted with hexane-EtOAc 85:15 v/v. The MIC values of the MeOH extract was 31.25 µg/mL for Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC® 28185 and 62.5 µg/mL for Trichophyton rubrum ATCC® 28188. The MIC value of pinocembrin was 125 µg/mL for Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC® 28185 and Trichophyton rubrum ATCC® 28188. Pinostrobin in antifungal test was not active against fungi tested.

Bostryx is largely distributed in Andean Valleys and Lomas formations along the coast of Peru and Chile. One species, Bostryx aguilari, is restricted to Lomas formations located in the Department of Lima (Peru). The use of genetic information has become essential in phylogenetic and population studies with conservation purposes. Considering the rapid degradation of desert ecosystems, which threatens the survival of vulnerable species, the aim of this study was, first, to resolve evolutionary relationships within Bostryx and to determine the position of Bostryx within the Bulimulidae, and second, to survey the genetic diversity of Bostryx aguilari, a species considered rare. Sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and nuclear rRNA regions were obtained for 12 and 11 species of Bulimulidae, respectively, including seven species of Bostryx. Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were obtained for 14 individuals (from four different populations) of Bostryx aguilari. Phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference methods. The monophyly of Bostryx was not supported. In our results, B. solutus (type species of Bostryx) grouped only with B. aguilari, B. conspersus, B. modestus, B. scalariformis and B. sordidus, forming a monophyletic group that is strongly supported in all analyses. In case the taxonomy of Bostryx is reviewed in the future, this group should keep the generic name. Bostryx aguilari was found to have both low genetic diversity and small population size. We recommend that conservation efforts should be increased in Lomas ecosystems to ensure the survival of B. aguilari, and a large number of other rare species restricted to Lomas.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de diferentes investigaciones dendroclimáticas realizadas en tres ecosistemas contrastantes de Colombia. Se emplearon técnicas dendrocronológicas y densitogramas computarizados para obtener las cronologías de crecimiento y densidad, respectivamente. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre las cronologías, las variables climáticas locales y el ENSO, por ejemplo: la densidad de los anillos de crecimiento de Rhizophora mangle con la precipitación; el ancho de los anillos de crecimiento de Parkinsonia praecox y Capparis odoratissima con la precipitación, la temperatura del aire y la temperatura superficial del mar, y el ancho de los anillos de crecimiento de Prioria copaifera con las alturas limnimétricas del río Atrato. Dichos resultados demuestran la aplicabilidad y el potencial de la dendroclimatología en regiones tropicales.

The article presents the results of diferent dendroclimatic research projects carried out in three contrasting ecosystems in Colombia. Dendrochronology techniques and densitograms were used to obtain the growth and density chronologies, respectively. Findings showed significant relations between chronologies, local climatic variables, and ENSO, for example: the density of the growth rings of Rhizophora mangle to precipitation; the width of the growth rings of Parkinsonia praecox and Capparis odoratissima to precipitation, air temperature, and sea surface temperature; and the width of the growth rings of Prioria copaifera to the limnimetric elevation of the Atrato River. Tese results demonstrate the applicability and potential of dendroclimatology in tropical regions.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de diferentes pesquisas dendroclimáticas realizadas em três ecossistemas contrastantes da Colômbia. Empregaram-se técnicas dendrocronológicas e densitogramas computadorizados para obter as cronologias de crescimento e densidade, respectivamente. Encontraram-se associações significativas entre as cronologias, as variáveis climáticas locais e o ENSO, por exemplo: a densidade dos anéis de crescimento de Rhizophora mangle com a precipitação; a largura dos anéis de crescimento de Parkinsonia praecox e Capparis odoratissima com a precipitação, a temperatura do ar e a temperatura superficial do mar, e a largura dos anéis de crescimento de Prioria copaifera com as alturas linimétricas do rio Atrato. Tais resultados demonstram a aplicabilidade e o potencial da dendroclimatologia em regiões tropicais.

Sea Γ un grafo tipo árbol con m aristas y considere el operador de Sturm-Liouville L[u]=(-pu')'+qu definido en el espacio de funciones continuas en Γ y continuamente diferenciables dos veces al interior de cada arista de Γ. Las funciones p y q se suponen continuas en cada arista, y p es estrictamente positiva en todo Γ. El problema consiste en hallar la solución f : Γ → R al problema dado por L[f] = h mas 2m condiciones en los nodos de Γ: en los nodos internos se especifican continuidad de f y condiciones de salto para las derivadas de f con respecto a una medida ρ. Estas condiciones de nodo se expresan en la forma de funcionales lineales \l1,…,\l2m actuando sobre el espacio de funciones admisibles para L. Se presenta una nueva fórmula para la función de Green G:Γ\times Γ → R asociada con este problema. Es decir, se expresa la solución del problema semi-homogéneo L[f] = h, \l i[f] =0 para i=1,…,2m como f(x) = \intΓ G(x,y) h(y)\,dρ.

Let Γ be geometric tree graph with m edges and consider the second order Sturm-Liouville operator L[u]=(-pu')'+qu acting on functions that are continuous on all of Γ, and twice continuously differentiable in the interior of each edge. The functions p and q are assumed continuous on each edge, and p strictly positive on Γ. The problem is to find a solution f:Γ → R to the problem L[f] = h with 2m additional conditions at the nodes of Γ. These node conditions include continuity at internal nodes, and jump conditions on the derivatives of f with respect to a positive measure ρ. Node conditions are given in the form of linear functionals \l1,…,\l2m acting on the space of admissible functions. A novel formula is given for the Green's function G:Γ\times Γ → R associated to this problem. Namely, the solution to the semi-homogenous problem L[f] = h, \l i[f] =0 for i=1,…,2m is given by f(x) = \intΓ G(x,y) h(y)\,dρ.

In this work we performed a biogeographic study of two genera of Amazonian land snails, Megalobulimus (Strophocheilidae) and Systrophia (Scolodontidae). We used samples from different regions of the Peruvian Amazon, as well as bibliographic information. We analyzed both nuclear (5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA) and mitochondrial (16S rRNA) genes to reconstruct phylogenies and obtain hypotheses concerning the evolutionary relationships among Amazonian genera and other species with global distribution. The nuclear phylogeny allowed us to determine the evolutionary position of both genera, and the mitochondrial phylogeny permitted the differentiation of species at the intrageneric level. We found that Megalobulimus clustered with the non-achatinoid clade within Stylommatophora, as expected, but its relationship to family Acavidae could not be demonstrated. Systrophia did not cluster with any of the two established clades, but formed a basal one within Stylommatophora. The mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA allowed us to differentiate Megalobulimus species, and performed well for DNA barcoding of these edible snails. Biogeographical analysis revealed several endemic species in the Peruvian Amazon within both genera, highlighting the Chanchamayo and Inambari biogeographic units.

En este trabajo realizamos un estudio biogeográfico de dos géneros de caracoles terrestres amazónicos, Megalobulimus (Strophocheilidae) y Systrophia (Scolodontidae). Se utilizaron individuos colectados en diversas localidades de la Amazonia peruana así como información bibliográfica. Se utilizaron los marcadores moleculares 5.8S-ITS2-28S rRNA y 16S rRNA para reconstruir filogenias y obtener hipótesis sobre las relaciones evolutivas entre los géneros amazónicos y otras especies de distribución global. La filogenia nuclear permitió determinar la posición evolutiva de ambos géneros y la filogenia mitocondrial permitió la diferenciación de las especies a nivel intragenérico. Megalobulimus formó parte del clado no-achatinoideo en la filogenia de los gastrópodos Stylommatophora, como lo esperado, pero no pudo ser demostrada su cercanía a la familia Acavidae, mientras que Systrophia quedó fuera de los dos clados establecidos, formando uno basal dentro de los Stylommatophora. El gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA permitió diferenciar a las especies de Megalobulimus, actuando como código de barras de ADN de estos caracoles comestibles. El análisis de distribución geográfica reveló varios endemismos para la Amazonia peruana para especies de ambos géneros, resaltando las unidades biogeográficas de Chanchamayo e Inambari.

The Chilean territory has an extensive coastline -about 80.000 km of coast including the territory of its islands – which is an important fact to consider in the event of the occurrence of a tsunami. The Chilean authorities, fully aware of the vast maritime territory, have developed a tsunami warning system. This system constitutes a state responsibility, and its control has been entrusted to the national emergency office - ministry of interior (ONEMI) and hydrographic and oceanographic service of Chilean navy (SHOA). This article deals with experiences carried out in order to activate the warning systems, generating fictional telluric events and / or historical telluric events capable of triggering tsunami occurrences. It also proposes a working hypothesis that will allow monitoring the response of the state agencies, through the procedures established by law in the Republic of Chile. Our research delivers results that allow us to affirm that there are areas for hypothetical events that could generate tsunamis in which the To carry out this research we have used a software called STLAT based on simplified equations of the propagation of a tsunami wave, which has allowed us to get quick results. We have also carried out tests with official data which have shown that the alarm system was not able to respond appropriately to the 8.4 M Atico event that occurred in Peru in 2001.

El territorio chileno cuenta con alrededor de 80.000 km de costa considerando el territorio insular, un dato relevante al momento de considerar la ocurrencia de un tsunami. Las autoridades chilenas, conscientes de este extenso territorio marítimo, han desarrollado un sistema de alerta de tsunami como una responsabilidad estatal y han depositado su control a la oficina nacional de emergencia – ministerio del interior (ONEMI) y en el servicio hidrográfico y oceanográfico de la armada de Chile (SHOA). En este artículo hemos realizado experiencias con el objetivo de activar los sistemas de advertencias generando eventos telúricos ficticios y/o eventos telúricos históricos capaces de desatar eventos de tsunami. También se ha propuesto una hipótesis de trabajo que permita, a través de los procedimientos establecidos por ley de la República de Chile, monitorear los tiempos de respuestas de los organismos estatales. Nuestro trabajo de investigación entrega resultados que nos permiten afirmar que existen zonas para eventos hipotéticos que podrían generar tsunamis a los cuales el sistema de alerta no sería eficiente en reaccionar. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación hemos utilizado un software llamado SLAT, basado en ecuaciones simplificadas de propagación de una onda de tsunami que nos permite obtener resultados rápidos y además hemos sometido a prueba el sistema con datos oficiales en los cuales se ha demostrado que el sistema de alerta no fue capaz de reaccionar al evento Atico 8,4 M. ocurrido en Perú.